Recent Articles From EvanCarmichael.com http://www.evancarmichael.com/ http://www.evancarmichael.com/African-Accounts/1665/References-Human-Capital-and-Economic-Development.html http://www.evancarmichael.com/African-Accounts/1665/References-Human-Capital-and-Economic-Development.html References http://www.evancarmichael.com/African-Accounts/1665/Conclusion-Human-Capital-and-Economic-Development.html http://www.evancarmichael.com/African-Accounts/1665/Conclusion-Human-Capital-and-Economic-Development.html Africa has made large strides in raising literacy and school enrolments and improving health. However, in the case of both education and health these gains are lower than those in other developing countries. http://www.evancarmichael.com/African-Accounts/1665/Effects-of-education-upon-child-schooling-and-cognitive-development-The-Indirect-Effects-of-Investment-in-Human-Capital.html http://www.evancarmichael.com/African-Accounts/1665/Effects-of-education-upon-child-schooling-and-cognitive-development-The-Indirect-Effects-of-Investment-in-Human-Capital.html Children are typically more likely to go to school if their parents are educated. They also tend to perform better in school and in some cases may earn higher incomes in adulthood. http://www.evancarmichael.com/African-Accounts/1665/Poverty-and-Human-Resources.html http://www.evancarmichael.com/African-Accounts/1665/Poverty-and-Human-Resources.html Poverty can prevent households from making high return investments in the human capital of their children. http://www.evancarmichael.com/African-Accounts/1665/Effects-of-education-upon-fertility-The-Indirect-Effects-of-Investment-in-Human-Capital.html http://www.evancarmichael.com/African-Accounts/1665/Effects-of-education-upon-fertility-The-Indirect-Effects-of-Investment-in-Human-Capital.html Whether and how government policy should affect fertility is a controversial ethical issue. However, the UN International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo in September 1994 highlighted the importance of enhancing female education as part of a successful population policy. http://www.evancarmichael.com/African-Accounts/1665/Effects-of-education-upon-health-and-nutrition-The-Indirect-Effects-of-Investment-in-Human-Capital.html http://www.evancarmichael.com/African-Accounts/1665/Effects-of-education-upon-health-and-nutrition-The-Indirect-Effects-of-Investment-in-Human-Capital.html One indirect effect of expenditure on education may be its effects on health. Within developing countries, the children of educated parents face lower risks of premature death. http://www.evancarmichael.com/African-Accounts/1665/Effects-of-health-on-child-schooling-and-cognitive-development-The-Indirect-Effects-of-Investment-in-Human-Capital.html http://www.evancarmichael.com/African-Accounts/1665/Effects-of-health-on-child-schooling-and-cognitive-development-The-Indirect-Effects-of-Investment-in-Human-Capital.html In sections 2 and 3 education and health were treated as separate components of human capital. Here the possible linkages between them are discussed. Expenditures on education may affect health and parental education may benefit children. Health expenditures may themselves affect the value of education. These links are important for understanding the potential range of benefits which accrue to expenditures on human capital. http://www.evancarmichael.com/African-Accounts/1665/Productivity-effects-of-ill-health-and-malnutrition-The-Effects-of-Human-Capital-on-Economic-Development.html http://www.evancarmichael.com/African-Accounts/1665/Productivity-effects-of-ill-health-and-malnutrition-The-Effects-of-Human-Capital-on-Economic-Development.html Less research has been done on the returns to health and nutrition than on the returns to education. This is partly because the non-monetary aspects of these returns - greater longevity, reduced suffering and absence of disability - are arguably more central than in the case of education. http://www.evancarmichael.com/African-Accounts/1665/Rates-of-Return-on-Educational-Investment-from-Micro-Studies-The-Effects-of-Human-Capital-on-Economic-Development.html http://www.evancarmichael.com/African-Accounts/1665/Rates-of-Return-on-Educational-Investment-from-Micro-Studies-The-Effects-of-Human-Capital-on-Economic-Development.html The conventional wisdom is that there is a high rate of return on primary schooling. This view is based largely on surveys of rate of return studies by Psacharopoulos. http://www.evancarmichael.com/African-Accounts/1665/The-role-of-human-and-physical-capital-in-growth-The-Effects-of-Human-Capital-on-Economic-Development.html http://www.evancarmichael.com/African-Accounts/1665/The-role-of-human-and-physical-capital-in-growth-The-Effects-of-Human-Capital-on-Economic-Development.html We begin by a consideration of the links by which investment may affect the growth of output. Both physical and human capital directly impact on the productive capacity of an economy. However such direct effects may not be the most important.