Recent Articles From EvanCarmichael.com http://www.evancarmichael.com/ http://www.evancarmichael.com/African-Accounts/1694/References.html http://www.evancarmichael.com/African-Accounts/1694/References.html Local Entrepreneurship in Southeast Asia and Subsaharan Africa: Networks and Linkages to the Global Economy, By: Deborah Bräutigam, School of International Service, American University, Washington, DC http://www.evancarmichael.com/African-Accounts/1694/PROPOSITIONS-HYPOTHESES-AND-CONCLUSIONS.html http://www.evancarmichael.com/African-Accounts/1694/PROPOSITIONS-HYPOTHESES-AND-CONCLUSIONS.html To function effectively in a global economy, the entrepreneurs of Southeast Asia and Subsaharan Africa will not be able to avoid the kinds of evolution that modern businesses around the world experience. They will move toward public listing of their stocks, greater specialization and capital mobility, modern management techniques. http://www.evancarmichael.com/African-Accounts/1694/Foreign-Joint-Ventures-in-Southeast-Asia-and-the-Role-of-Japan.html http://www.evancarmichael.com/African-Accounts/1694/Foreign-Joint-Ventures-in-Southeast-Asia-and-the-Role-of-Japan.html It is next to impossible to discuss the dynamism of local entrepreneurship in Southeast Asia without discussing its relationship with foreign capital. Foreign joint ventures have been the major form of international linkage in Southeast Asia, transferring technology and skills to local investors. http://www.evancarmichael.com/African-Accounts/1694/Entrepreneurs-and-the-State.html http://www.evancarmichael.com/African-Accounts/1694/Entrepreneurs-and-the-State.html Entrepreneurs require an "enabling state" to provide the policy framework, supportive services, and the public goods of a social and physical infrastructure. Government officials are more likely to support their entrepreneurs if they can identify private sector industrialization as being in their interest. Both Southeast Asia and Subsaharan Africa have had challenges in this area. http://www.evancarmichael.com/African-Accounts/1694/Networks-and-Global-Linkages.html http://www.evancarmichael.com/African-Accounts/1694/Networks-and-Global-Linkages.html An entrepreneur seeking to enter industry faces high transaction and learning costs. Networks are one way in which entrepreneurs reduce search costs while also lowering the risks of embarking on a new venture. Industrial districts, or clusters of contiguous and often related enterprises, are one way in which networks form. However, today, in an increasingly competitive world, networks need to be global. http://www.evancarmichael.com/African-Accounts/1694/LOCAL-ENTREPRENEURSHIP-AND-GLOBAL-LINKAGES-ENABLING-CONDITIONS-AND-CONSTRAINTS.html http://www.evancarmichael.com/African-Accounts/1694/LOCAL-ENTREPRENEURSHIP-AND-GLOBAL-LINKAGES-ENABLING-CONDITIONS-AND-CONSTRAINTS.html What do entrepreneurs need in order to invest successfully in manufacturing? At a basic level, particularly if they are traders thinking about moving their capital into a fixed investment, they need a political and economic environment with a certain degree of stability and predictability and some incentives, or at least the absence of strong disincentives for investment. http://www.evancarmichael.com/African-Accounts/1694/Capitalism-and-Entrepreneurship-in-Southeast-Asia-and-Subsaharan-Africa-in-Comparative-Historical-Perspective-600-AD-to-1970-or-so.html http://www.evancarmichael.com/African-Accounts/1694/Capitalism-and-Entrepreneurship-in-Southeast-Asia-and-Subsaharan-Africa-in-Comparative-Historical-Perspective-600-AD-to-1970-or-so.html Southeast Asia and Subsaharan Africa differ sharply in the extent of time each has been exposed to the stimulus, learning and accumulation opportunities inherent in international trade networks. http://www.evancarmichael.com/African-Accounts/1694/Entrepreneurship-and-the-Global-Economy.html http://www.evancarmichael.com/African-Accounts/1694/Entrepreneurship-and-the-Global-Economy.html Entrepreneurs are the bedrock of the capitalist system, and their development has to be seen in the context of the development of societies that allow and even encourage private accumulation of capital for investment. Although traders are the foundation of a market economy, it is primarily the rise in broad-based manufacturing investment and the social division into owners and workers that distinguishes a pre-capitalist from a capitalist system. http://www.evancarmichael.com/African-Accounts/1694/Local-Entrepreneurship-in-Southeast-Asia-and-Subsaharan-Africa-Networks-and-Linkages-to-the-Global-Economy.html http://www.evancarmichael.com/African-Accounts/1694/Local-Entrepreneurship-in-Southeast-Asia-and-Subsaharan-Africa-Networks-and-Linkages-to-the-Global-Economy.html For much of the past decade, the world has applauded the striking development performance of Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. Despite the setbacks caused by the present financial crisis in Asia, the rapid structural transformation and improvement in the standard of living in these three countries remains a powerful testament to the benefits of a strategy emphasizing industrial exports. African countries have tended to remain commodity exporters, and while Africa has remained largely untouched by the "Asian flu", the continent also missed out on the benefits of engagement with the global market.